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為了處理序，幫核心新增中斷處理吧！

作者：
作為一個作業系統，處理序是最為基本且重要的東西。不僅是一個處理序，應該是多個處理序。

然而，若要達到可控制處理序，就涉及到處理序和作業系統之間執行的轉換。

因為 CPU 只有一個，同一時刻要麼「客戶處理序」在執行，不然就是「作業系統」在執行。

因此，為達到處理序之目的，勢必要有一種控制權轉換機制，亦即「中斷」。

主要工作：設定 8259A 和建立 IDT

程式碼

include/const.h

/*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                            const.h
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                                                    Forrest Yu, 2005
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/

#ifndef _ORANGES_CONST_H_
#define _ORANGES_CONST_H_


/* EXTERN is defined as extern except in global.c */
#define EXTERN extern

/* 函数类型 */
#define PUBLIC  /* PUBLIC is the opposite of PRIVATE */
#define PRIVATE static /* PRIVATE x limits the scope of x */

/* GDT 和 IDT 中描述符的个数 */
#define GDT_SIZE 128
#define IDT_SIZE 256

/* 权限 */
#define PRIVILEGE_KRNL 0
#define PRIVILEGE_TASK 1
#define PRIVILEGE_USER 3

/* 8259A interrupt controller ports. */
#define INT_M_CTL     0x20 /* I/O port for interrupt controller       <Master> */
#define INT_M_CTLMASK 0x21 /* setting bits in this port disables ints <Master> */
#define INT_S_CTL     0xA0 /* I/O port for second interrupt controller<Slave>  */
#define INT_S_CTLMASK 0xA1 /* setting bits in this port disables ints <Slave>  */


#endif /* _ORANGES_CONST_H_ */

include/global.h

/*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                            global.h
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                                                    Forrest Yu, 2005
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/

/* EXTERN is defined as extern except in global.c */
#ifdef GLOBAL_VARIABLES_HERE
#undef EXTERN
#define EXTERN
#endif

EXTERN int  disp_pos;
EXTERN u8  gdt_ptr[6]; /* 0~15:Limit  16~47:Base */
EXTERN DESCRIPTOR gdt[GDT_SIZE];
EXTERN u8  idt_ptr[6]; /* 0~15:Limit  16~47:Base */
EXTERN GATE  idt[IDT_SIZE];

include/protect.h

/*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                            protect.h
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                                                    Forrest Yu, 2005
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/

#ifndef _ORANGES_PROTECT_H_
#define _ORANGES_PROTECT_H_


/* 存儲段描述符/系統段描述符 */
typedef struct s_descriptor  /* 共 8 個字節 */
{
 u16 limit_low;  /* Limit */
 u16 base_low;  /* Base */
 u8 base_mid;  /* Base */
 u8 attr1;   /* P(1) DPL(2) DT(1) TYPE(4) */
 u8 limit_high_attr2; /* G(1) D(1) 0(1) AVL(1) LimitHigh(4) */
 u8 base_high;  /* Base */
}DESCRIPTOR;

/* 門描述符 */
typedef struct s_gate
{
 u16 offset_low; /* Offset Low */
 u16 selector; /* Selector */
 u8 dcount;  /* 該字段只在調用門描述符中有效。如果在利用
       調用門調用子程序時引起特權級的轉換和堆棧
       的改變，需要將外層堆棧中的參數複製到內層
       堆棧。該雙字計數字段就是用於說明這種情況
       發生時，要複製的雙字參數的數量。*/
 u8 attr;  /* P(1) DPL(2) DT(1) TYPE(4) */
 u16 offset_high; /* Offset High */
}GATE;


/* GDT */
/* 描述符索引 */
#define INDEX_DUMMY  0 // ┓
#define INDEX_FLAT_C  1 // ┣ LOADER 裡面已經確定了的.
#define INDEX_FLAT_RW  2 // ┃
#define INDEX_VIDEO  3 // ┛
/* 選擇子 */
#define SELECTOR_DUMMY     0  // ┓
#define SELECTOR_FLAT_C  0x08  // ┣ LOADER 裡面已經確定了的.
#define SELECTOR_FLAT_RW 0x10  // ┃
#define SELECTOR_VIDEO  (0x18+3) // ┛<-- RPL=3

#define SELECTOR_KERNEL_CS SELECTOR_FLAT_C
#define SELECTOR_KERNEL_DS SELECTOR_FLAT_RW


/* 描述符類型值說明 */
#define DA_32   0x4000 /* 32 位段    */
#define DA_LIMIT_4K  0x8000 /* 段界限粒度為 4K 字節   */
#define DA_DPL0   0x00 /* DPL = 0    */
#define DA_DPL1   0x20 /* DPL = 1    */
#define DA_DPL2   0x40 /* DPL = 2    */
#define DA_DPL3   0x60 /* DPL = 3    */
/* 存儲段描述符類型值說明 */
#define DA_DR   0x90 /* 存在的只讀數據段類型值  */
#define DA_DRW   0x92 /* 存在的可讀寫數據段屬性值  */
#define DA_DRWA   0x93 /* 存在的已訪問可讀寫數據段類型值 */
#define DA_C   0x98 /* 存在的只執行代碼段屬性值  */
#define DA_CR   0x9A /* 存在的可執行可讀代碼段屬性值  */
#define DA_CCO   0x9C /* 存在的只執行一致代碼段屬性值  */
#define DA_CCOR   0x9E /* 存在的可執行可讀一致代碼段屬性值 */
/* 系統段描述符類型值說明 */
#define DA_LDT   0x82 /* 局部描述符表段類型值   */
#define DA_TaskGate  0x85 /* 任務門類型值    */
#define DA_386TSS  0x89 /* 可用 386 任務狀態段類型值  */
#define DA_386CGate  0x8C /* 386 調用門類型值   */
#define DA_386IGate  0x8E /* 386 中斷門類型值   */
#define DA_386TGate  0x8F /* 386 陷阱門類型值   */

/* 中斷向量 */
#define INT_VECTOR_DIVIDE  0x0
#define INT_VECTOR_DEBUG  0x1
#define INT_VECTOR_NMI   0x2
#define INT_VECTOR_BREAKPOINT  0x3
#define INT_VECTOR_OVERFLOW  0x4
#define INT_VECTOR_BOUNDS  0x5
#define INT_VECTOR_INVAL_OP  0x6
#define INT_VECTOR_COPROC_NOT  0x7
#define INT_VECTOR_DOUBLE_FAULT  0x8
#define INT_VECTOR_COPROC_SEG  0x9
#define INT_VECTOR_INVAL_TSS  0xA
#define INT_VECTOR_SEG_NOT  0xB
#define INT_VECTOR_STACK_FAULT  0xC
#define INT_VECTOR_PROTECTION  0xD
#define INT_VECTOR_PAGE_FAULT  0xE
#define INT_VECTOR_COPROC_ERR  0x10

/* 中斷向量 */
#define INT_VECTOR_IRQ0   0x20
#define INT_VECTOR_IRQ8   0x28


#endif /* _ORANGES_PROTECT_H_ */

include/proto.h

/*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                            proto.h
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                                                    Forrest Yu, 2005
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/

/* klib.asm */
PUBLIC void out_byte(u16 port, u8 value);
PUBLIC u8 in_byte(u16 port);
PUBLIC void disp_str(char * info);
PUBLIC void disp_color_str(char * info, int color);
PUBLIC void init_prot();
PUBLIC void init_8259A();

include/string.h

/*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                            string.h
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                                                    Forrest Yu, 2005
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/

PUBLIC void* memcpy(void* p_dst, void* p_src, int size);

include/type.h

/*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                            type.h
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                                                    Forrest Yu, 2005
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/

#ifndef _ORANGES_TYPE_H_
#define _ORANGES_TYPE_H_


typedef unsigned int  u32;
typedef unsigned short  u16;
typedef unsigned char  u8;

typedef void (*int_handler) ();


#endif /* _ORANGES_TYPE_H_ */

kernel/global.c

/*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                            global.c
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                                                    Forrest Yu, 2005
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/

#define GLOBAL_VARIABLES_HERE

#include "type.h"
#include "const.h"
#include "protect.h"
#include "proto.h"
#include "global.h"

kernel/i8259.c

/*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                            i8259.c
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                                                    Forrest Yu, 2005
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/


#include "type.h"
#include "const.h"
#include "protect.h"
#include "proto.h"


/*======================================================================*
                            init_8259A
 *======================================================================*/
PUBLIC void init_8259A()
{
 /* Master 8259, ICW1. */
 out_byte(INT_M_CTL, 0x11);

 /* Slave  8259, ICW1. */
 out_byte(INT_S_CTL, 0x11);

 /* Master 8259, ICW2. 設置 '主8259' 的中斷入口地址為 0x20. */
 out_byte(INT_M_CTLMASK, INT_VECTOR_IRQ0);

 /* Slave  8259, ICW2. 設置 '從8259' 的中斷入口地址為 0x28 */
 out_byte(INT_S_CTLMASK, INT_VECTOR_IRQ8);

 /* Master 8259, ICW3. IR2 對應 '從8259'. */
 out_byte(INT_M_CTLMASK, 0x4);

 /* Slave  8259, ICW3. 對應 '主8259' 的 IR2. */
 out_byte(INT_S_CTLMASK, 0x2);

 /* Master 8259, ICW4. */
 out_byte(INT_M_CTLMASK, 0x1);

 /* Slave  8259, ICW4. */
 out_byte(INT_S_CTLMASK, 0x1);

 /* Master 8259, OCW1.  */
 out_byte(INT_M_CTLMASK, 0xFD);

 /* Slave  8259, OCW1.  */
 out_byte(INT_S_CTLMASK, 0xFF);
}

/*======================================================================*
                           spurious_irq
 *======================================================================*/
PUBLIC void spurious_irq(int irq)
{
        disp_str("spurious_irq: ");
        disp_int(irq);
        disp_str("\n");
}

kernel/kernel.asm

; ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
;                               kernel.asm
; ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
;                                                     Forrest Yu, 2005
; ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


SELECTOR_KERNEL_CS equ 8

; 導入函數
extern cstart
extern exception_handler
extern spurious_irq

; 導入全局變量
extern gdt_ptr
extern idt_ptr
extern disp_pos


[SECTION .bss]
StackSpace  resb 2 * 1024
StackTop:  ; 堆疊頂

[section .text] ; 程式碼在此

global _start ; 導出 _start

global divide_error
global single_step_exception
global nmi
global breakpoint_exception
global overflow
global bounds_check
global inval_opcode
global copr_not_available
global double_fault
global copr_seg_overrun
global inval_tss
global segment_not_present
global stack_exception
global general_protection
global page_fault
global copr_error
global  hwint00
global  hwint01
global  hwint02
global  hwint03
global  hwint04
global  hwint05
global  hwint06
global  hwint07
global  hwint08
global  hwint09
global  hwint10
global  hwint11
global  hwint12
global  hwint13
global  hwint14
global  hwint15

_start:
 ; 此時記憶體看上去是這樣的（更詳細的記憶體情況在 LOADER.ASM 中有說明）：
 ;              ┃                                    ┃
 ;              ┃                 ...                ┃
 ;              ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫
 ;              ┃■■■■■■Page  Tables■■■■■■┃
 ;              ┃■■■■■(大小由LOADER決定)■■■■┃ PageTblBase
 ;    00101000h ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫
 ;              ┃■■■■Page Directory Table■■■■┃ PageDirBase = 1M
 ;    00100000h ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫
 ;              ┃□□□□ Hardware  Reserved □□□□┃ B8000h ← gs
 ;       9FC00h ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫
 ;              ┃■■■■■■■LOADER.BIN■■■■■■┃ somewhere in LOADER ← esp
 ;       90000h ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫
 ;              ┃■■■■■■■KERNEL.BIN■■■■■■┃
 ;       80000h ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫
 ;              ┃■■■■■■■■KERNEL■■■■■■■┃ 30400h ← KERNEL 入口 (KernelEntryPointPhyAddr)
 ;       30000h ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫
 ;              ┋                 ...                ┋
 ;              ┋                                    ┋
 ;           0h ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ← cs, ds, es, fs, ss
 ;
 ;
 ; GDT 以及相應的描述符是這樣的：
 ;
 ;                Descriptors               Selectors
 ;              ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
 ;              ┃         Dummy Descriptor           ┃
 ;              ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫
 ;              ┃         DESC_FLAT_C    (0～4G)     ┃   8h = cs
 ;              ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫
 ;              ┃         DESC_FLAT_RW   (0～4G)     ┃  10h = ds, es, fs, ss
 ;              ┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫
 ;              ┃         DESC_VIDEO                 ┃  1Bh = gs
 ;              ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
 ;
 ; 注意! 在使用 C 程式碼的時候一定要保證 ds, es, ss 這幾個段暫存器的值是一樣的
 ; 因為編譯器有可能編譯出使用它們的程式碼, 而編譯器默認它們是一樣的. 比如串拷貝操作會用到 ds 和 es.
 ;
 ;


 ; 把 esp 從 LOADER 挪到 KERNEL
 mov esp, StackTop ; 堆疊在 bss 段中

 mov dword [disp_pos], 0

 sgdt [gdt_ptr] ; cstart() 中將會用到 gdt_ptr
 call cstart  ; 在此函數中改變了gdt_ptr，讓它指向新的GDT
 lgdt [gdt_ptr] ; 使用新的GDT

 lidt [idt_ptr]

 jmp SELECTOR_KERNEL_CS:csinit
csinit:
 sti
 hlt


; 中斷和異常 -- 硬件中斷
; ---------------------------------
%macro  hwint_master    1
        push    %1
        call    spurious_irq
        add     esp, 4
        hlt
%endmacro
; ---------------------------------

ALIGN   16
hwint00:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 0 (the clock).
        hwint_master    0

ALIGN   16
hwint01:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 1 (keyboard)
        hwint_master    1

ALIGN   16
hwint02:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 2 (cascade!)
        hwint_master    2

ALIGN   16
hwint03:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 3 (second serial)
        hwint_master    3

ALIGN   16
hwint04:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 4 (first serial)
        hwint_master    4

ALIGN   16
hwint05:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 5 (XT winchester)
        hwint_master    5

ALIGN   16
hwint06:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 6 (floppy)
        hwint_master    6

ALIGN   16
hwint07:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 7 (printer)
        hwint_master    7

; ---------------------------------
%macro  hwint_slave     1
        push    %1
        call    spurious_irq
        add     esp, 4
        hlt
%endmacro
; ---------------------------------

ALIGN   16
hwint08:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 8 (realtime clock).
        hwint_slave     8

ALIGN   16
hwint09:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 9 (irq 2 redirected)
        hwint_slave     9

ALIGN   16
hwint10:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 10
        hwint_slave     10

ALIGN   16
hwint11:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 11
        hwint_slave     11

ALIGN   16
hwint12:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 12
        hwint_slave     12

ALIGN   16
hwint13:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 13 (FPU exception)
        hwint_slave     13

ALIGN   16
hwint14:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 14 (AT winchester)
        hwint_slave     14

ALIGN   16
hwint15:                ; Interrupt routine for irq 15
        hwint_slave     15



; 中斷和異常 -- 異常
divide_error:
 push 0xFFFFFFFF ; no err code
 push 0  ; vector_no = 0
 jmp exception
single_step_exception:
 push 0xFFFFFFFF ; no err code
 push 1  ; vector_no = 1
 jmp exception
nmi:
 push 0xFFFFFFFF ; no err code
 push 2  ; vector_no = 2
 jmp exception
breakpoint_exception:
 push 0xFFFFFFFF ; no err code
 push 3  ; vector_no = 3
 jmp exception
overflow:
 push 0xFFFFFFFF ; no err code
 push 4  ; vector_no = 4
 jmp exception
bounds_check:
 push 0xFFFFFFFF ; no err code
 push 5  ; vector_no = 5
 jmp exception
inval_opcode:
 push 0xFFFFFFFF ; no err code
 push 6  ; vector_no = 6
 jmp exception
copr_not_available:
 push 0xFFFFFFFF ; no err code
 push 7  ; vector_no = 7
 jmp exception
double_fault:
 push 8  ; vector_no = 8
 jmp exception
copr_seg_overrun:
 push 0xFFFFFFFF ; no err code
 push 9  ; vector_no = 9
 jmp exception
inval_tss:
 push 10  ; vector_no = A
 jmp exception
segment_not_present:
 push 11  ; vector_no = B
 jmp exception
stack_exception:
 push 12  ; vector_no = C
 jmp exception
general_protection:
 push 13  ; vector_no = D
 jmp exception
page_fault:
 push 14  ; vector_no = E
 jmp exception
copr_error:
 push 0xFFFFFFFF ; no err code
 push 16  ; vector_no = 10h
 jmp exception

exception:
 call exception_handler
 add esp, 4*2 ; 讓堆疊頂指向 EIP，堆疊中從頂向下依次是：EIP、CS、EFLAGS
 hlt

kernel/protect.c

/*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                              protect.c
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                                                    Forrest Yu, 2005
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/

#include "type.h"
#include "const.h"
#include "protect.h"
#include "global.h"
#include "proto.h"

/* 本文件內函數聲明 */
PRIVATE void init_idt_desc(unsigned char vector, u8 desc_type,
      int_handler handler, unsigned char privilege);

/* 中斷處理函數 */
void divide_error();
void single_step_exception();
void nmi();
void breakpoint_exception();
void overflow();
void bounds_check();
void inval_opcode();
void copr_not_available();
void double_fault();
void copr_seg_overrun();
void inval_tss();
void segment_not_present();
void stack_exception();
void general_protection();
void page_fault();
void copr_error();
void    hwint00();
void    hwint01();
void    hwint02();
void    hwint03();
void    hwint04();
void    hwint05();
void    hwint06();
void    hwint07();
void    hwint08();
void    hwint09();
void    hwint10();
void    hwint11();
void    hwint12();
void    hwint13();
void    hwint14();
void    hwint15();

/*======================================================================*
                            init_prot
 *======================================================================*/
PUBLIC void init_prot()
{
 init_8259A();

 // 全部初始化成中斷門(沒有陷阱門)
 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_DIVIDE, DA_386IGate,
        divide_error,  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_DEBUG,  DA_386IGate,
        single_step_exception, PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_NMI,  DA_386IGate,
        nmi,   PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_BREAKPOINT, DA_386IGate,
        breakpoint_exception, PRIVILEGE_USER);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_OVERFLOW, DA_386IGate,
        overflow,   PRIVILEGE_USER);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_BOUNDS, DA_386IGate,
        bounds_check,  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_INVAL_OP, DA_386IGate,
        inval_opcode,  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_COPROC_NOT, DA_386IGate,
        copr_not_available, PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_DOUBLE_FAULT, DA_386IGate,
        double_fault,  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_COPROC_SEG, DA_386IGate,
        copr_seg_overrun,  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_INVAL_TSS, DA_386IGate,
        inval_tss,  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_SEG_NOT, DA_386IGate,
        segment_not_present, PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_STACK_FAULT, DA_386IGate,
        stack_exception,  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_PROTECTION, DA_386IGate,
        general_protection, PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_PAGE_FAULT, DA_386IGate,
        page_fault,  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

 init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_COPROC_ERR, DA_386IGate,
        copr_error,  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ0 + 0,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint00,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ0 + 1,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint01,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ0 + 2,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint02,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ0 + 3,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint03,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ0 + 4,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint04,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ0 + 5,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint05,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ0 + 6,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint06,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ0 + 7,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint07,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ8 + 0,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint08,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ8 + 1,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint09,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ8 + 2,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint10,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ8 + 3,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint11,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ8 + 4,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint12,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ8 + 5,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint13,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ8 + 6,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint14,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);

        init_idt_desc(INT_VECTOR_IRQ8 + 7,      DA_386IGate,
                      hwint15,                  PRIVILEGE_KRNL);
}

/*======================================================================*
                             init_idt_desc
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------*
 初始化 386 中斷門
 *======================================================================*/
PRIVATE void init_idt_desc(unsigned char vector, u8 desc_type,
     int_handler handler, unsigned char privilege)
{
 GATE * p_gate = &idt[vector];
 u32 base = (u32)handler;
 p_gate->offset_low = base & 0xFFFF;
 p_gate->selector = SELECTOR_KERNEL_CS;
 p_gate->dcount  = 0;
 p_gate->attr  = desc_type | (privilege << 5);
 p_gate->offset_high = (base >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
}

/*======================================================================*
                            exception_handler
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------*
 異常處理
 *======================================================================*/
PUBLIC void exception_handler(int vec_no,int err_code,int eip,int cs,int eflags)
{
 int i;
 int text_color = 0x74; /* 灰底紅字 */

 char * err_msg[] = {"#DE Divide Error",
       "#DB RESERVED",
       "—  NMI Interrupt",
       "#BP Breakpoint",
       "#OF Overflow",
       "#BR BOUND Range Exceeded",
       "#UD Invalid Opcode (Undefined Opcode)",
       "#NM Device Not Available (No Math Coprocessor)",
       "#DF Double Fault",
       "    Coprocessor Segment Overrun (reserved)",
       "#TS Invalid TSS",
       "#NP Segment Not Present",
       "#SS Stack-Segment Fault",
       "#GP General Protection",
       "#PF Page Fault",
       "—  (Intel reserved. Do not use.)",
       "#MF x87 FPU Floating-Point Error (Math Fault)",
       "#AC Alignment Check",
       "#MC Machine Check",
       "#XF SIMD Floating-Point Exception"
 };

 /* 通過打印空格的方式清空屏幕的前五行，並把 disp_pos 清零 */
 disp_pos = 0;
 for(i=0;i<80*5;i++){
  disp_str(" ");
 }
 disp_pos = 0;

 disp_color_str("Exception! --> ", text_color);
 disp_color_str(err_msg[vec_no], text_color);
 disp_color_str("\n\n", text_color);
 disp_color_str("EFLAGS:", text_color);
 disp_int(eflags);
 disp_color_str("CS:", text_color);
 disp_int(cs);
 disp_color_str("EIP:", text_color);
 disp_int(eip);

 if(err_code != 0xFFFFFFFF){
  disp_color_str("Error code:", text_color);
  disp_int(err_code);
 }
}

kernel/start.c

/*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                            start.c
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                                                    Forrest Yu, 2005
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/

#include "type.h"
#include "const.h"
#include "protect.h"
#include "proto.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "global.h"


/*======================================================================*
                            cstart
 *======================================================================*/
PUBLIC void cstart()
{
 disp_str("\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
   "-----\"cstart\" begins-----\n");

 /* 將 LOADER 中的 GDT 複製到新的 GDT 中 */
 memcpy(&gdt,      /* New GDT */
        (void*)(*((u32*)(&gdt_ptr[2]))),   /* Base  of Old GDT */
        *((u16*)(&gdt_ptr[0])) + 1   /* Limit of Old GDT */
  );
 /* gdt_ptr[6] 共 6 個字節：0~15:Limit  16~47:Base。用作 sgdt/lgdt 的參數。*/
 u16* p_gdt_limit = (u16*)(&gdt_ptr[0]);
 u32* p_gdt_base  = (u32*)(&gdt_ptr[2]);
 *p_gdt_limit = GDT_SIZE * sizeof(DESCRIPTOR) - 1;
 *p_gdt_base  = (u32)&gdt;

 /* idt_ptr[6] 共 6 個字節：0~15:Limit  16~47:Base。用作 sidt/lidt 的參數。*/
 u16* p_idt_limit = (u16*)(&idt_ptr[0]);
 u32* p_idt_base  = (u32*)(&idt_ptr[2]);
 *p_idt_limit = IDT_SIZE * sizeof(GATE) - 1;
 *p_idt_base  = (u32)&idt;

 init_prot();

 disp_str("-----\"cstart\" ends-----\n");
}

lib/kliba.asm

; ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
;                              klib.asm
; ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
;                                                       Forrest Yu, 2005
; ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


; 導入全局變量
extern disp_pos

[SECTION .text]

; 導出函數
global disp_str
global disp_color_str
global out_byte
global in_byte

; ========================================================================
;                  void disp_str(char * pszInfo);
; ========================================================================
disp_str:
 push ebp
 mov ebp, esp

 mov esi, [ebp + 8] ; pszInfo
 mov edi, [disp_pos]
 mov ah, 0Fh
.1:
 lodsb
 test al, al
 jz .2
 cmp al, 0Ah ; 是ENTER嗎?
 jnz .3
 push eax
 mov eax, edi
 mov bl, 160
 div bl
 and eax, 0FFh
 inc eax
 mov bl, 160
 mul bl
 mov edi, eax
 pop eax
 jmp .1
.3:
 mov [gs:edi], ax
 add edi, 2
 jmp .1

.2:
 mov [disp_pos], edi

 pop ebp
 ret

; ========================================================================
;                  void disp_color_str(char * info, int color);
; ========================================================================
disp_color_str:
 push ebp
 mov ebp, esp

 mov esi, [ebp + 8] ; pszInfo
 mov edi, [disp_pos]
 mov ah, [ebp + 12] ; color
.1:
 lodsb
 test al, al
 jz .2
 cmp al, 0Ah ; 是ENTER嗎?
 jnz .3
 push eax
 mov eax, edi
 mov bl, 160
 div bl
 and eax, 0FFh
 inc eax
 mov bl, 160
 mul bl
 mov edi, eax
 pop eax
 jmp .1
.3:
 mov [gs:edi], ax
 add edi, 2
 jmp .1

.2:
 mov [disp_pos], edi

 pop ebp
 ret

; ========================================================================
;                  void out_byte(u16 port, u8 value);
; ========================================================================
out_byte:
 mov edx, [esp + 4]  ; port
 mov al, [esp + 4 + 4] ; value
 out dx, al
 nop ; 一點延遲
 nop
 ret

; ========================================================================
;                  u8 in_byte(u16 port);
; ========================================================================
in_byte:
 mov edx, [esp + 4]  ; port
 xor eax, eax
 in al, dx
 nop ; 一點延遲
 nop
 ret

lib/klib.c

/*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                            klib.c
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                                                    Forrest Yu, 2005
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/

#include "type.h"
#include "const.h"
#include "protect.h"
#include "proto.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "global.h"


/*======================================================================*
                               itoa
 *======================================================================*/
/* 數字前面的 0 不被顯示出來, 比如 0000B800 被顯示成 B800 */
PUBLIC char * itoa(char * str, int num)
{
 char * p = str;
 char ch;
 int i;
 int flag = 0;

 *p++ = '0';
 *p++ = 'x';

 if(num == 0){
  *p++ = '0';
 }
 else{
  for(i=28;i>=0;i-=4){
   ch = (num >> i) & 0xF;
   if(flag || (ch > 0)){
    flag = 1;
    ch += '0';
    if(ch > '9'){
     ch += 7;
    }
    *p++ = ch;
   }
  }
 }

 *p = 0;

 return str;
}

/*======================================================================*
                               disp_int
 *======================================================================*/
PUBLIC void disp_int(int input)
{
 char output[16];
 itoa(output, input);
 disp_str(output);
}

lib/string.asm

; ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
;                              string.asm
; ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
;                                                       Forrest Yu, 2005
; ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

[SECTION .text]

; 導出函數
global memcpy


; ------------------------------------------------------------------------
; void* memcpy(void* es:pDest, void* ds:pSrc, int iSize);
; ------------------------------------------------------------------------
memcpy:
 push ebp
 mov ebp, esp

 push esi
 push edi
 push ecx

 mov edi, [ebp + 8] ; Destination
 mov esi, [ebp + 12] ; Source
 mov ecx, [ebp + 16] ; Counter
.1:
 cmp ecx, 0  ; 判斷計數器
 jz .2  ; 計數器為零時跳出

 mov al, [ds:esi]  ; ┓
 inc esi   ; ┃
     ; ┣ 逐字元移動
 mov byte [es:edi], al ; ┃
 inc edi   ; ┛

 dec ecx  ; 計數器減一
 jmp .1  ; 循環
.2:
 mov eax, [ebp + 8] ; 返回值

 pop ecx
 pop edi
 pop esi
 mov esp, ebp
 pop ebp

 ret   ; 函數結束，返回
; memcpy 結束-------------------------------------------------------------

Makefile

#########################
# Makefile for Orange'S #
#########################

# Entry point of Orange'S
# It must have the same value with 'KernelEntryPointPhyAddr' in load.inc!
ENTRYPOINT = 0x30400

# Offset of entry point in kernel file
# It depends on ENTRYPOINT
ENTRYOFFSET =   0x400

# Programs, flags, etc.
ASM  = nasm
DASM  = ndisasm
CC  = gcc
LD  = ld
ASMBFLAGS = -I boot/include/
ASMKFLAGS = -I include/ -f elf
CFLAGS  = -I include/ -m32 -c -fno-builtin -fno-stack-protector 
LDFLAGS  = -s  -melf_i386 -Ttext $(ENTRYPOINT)
DASMFLAGS = -u -o $(ENTRYPOINT) -e $(ENTRYOFFSET)

# This Program
ORANGESBOOT = boot/boot.bin boot/loader.bin
ORANGESKERNEL = kernel.bin
OBJS  = kernel/kernel.o kernel/start.o kernel/i8259.o kernel/global.o kernel/protect.o lib/klib.o lib/kliba.o lib/string.o
DASMOUTPUT = kernel.bin.asm

# All Phony Targets
.PHONY : everything final image clean realclean disasm all buildimg

# Default starting position
everything : $(ORANGESBOOT) $(ORANGESKERNEL)

all : realclean everything

final : all clean

image : final buildimg

clean :
 rm -f $(OBJS)

realclean :
 rm -f $(OBJS) $(ORANGESBOOT) $(ORANGESKERNEL)

disasm :
 $(DASM) $(DASMFLAGS) $(ORANGESKERNEL) > $(DASMOUTPUT)

# We assume that "a.img" exists in current folder
buildimg :
 mkdir tmp
 dd if=boot/boot.bin of=a.img bs=512 count=1 conv=notrunc
 sleep 1
 sudo mount -o loop a.img tmp
 sleep 1
 sudo cp -fv boot/loader.bin tmp
 sudo cp -fv kernel.bin tmp
 sleep 1
 sudo umount tmp
 sleep 1
 rmdir tmp

boot/boot.bin : boot/boot.asm boot/include/load.inc boot/include/fat12hdr.inc
 $(ASM) $(ASMBFLAGS) -o $@ $<

boot/loader.bin : boot/loader.asm boot/include/load.inc \
   boot/include/fat12hdr.inc boot/include/pm.inc
 $(ASM) $(ASMBFLAGS) -o $@ $<

$(ORANGESKERNEL) : $(OBJS)
 $(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -o $(ORANGESKERNEL) $(OBJS)

kernel/kernel.o : kernel/kernel.asm
 $(ASM) $(ASMKFLAGS) -o $@ $<

kernel/start.o: kernel/start.c include/type.h include/const.h include/protect.h \
  include/proto.h include/string.h
 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<

kernel/i8259.o : kernel/i8259.c include/type.h include/const.h include/protect.h \
   include/proto.h
 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<

kernel/global.o : kernel/global.c
 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<

kernel/protect.o : kernel/protect.c
 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<

lib/klib.o : lib/klib.c
 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<

lib/kliba.o : lib/kliba.asm
 $(ASM) $(ASMKFLAGS) -o $@ $<

lib/string.o : lib/string.asm
 $(ASM) $(ASMKFLAGS) -o $@ $<

步驟

  1. 編譯全部檔案 (make all)
  2. 編譯成 floopy image (make image)
執行畫面（請按下鍵盤任一鍵）


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